Medical Resource Library

What is Fever?

Fever is a body temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. It's usually a sign that the body is fighting an infection and is generally not harmful.

When to Call the Doctor:

• Infants under 3 months with any fever
• Children 3-6 months with fever over 101°F (38.3°C)
• Fever lasting more than 3 days
• Fever with severe symptoms (difficulty breathing, persistent vomiting, severe headache)
• Child appears very ill or unusually drowsy

Home Treatment:

• Give plenty of fluids
• Dress in light clothing
• Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen as directed (never aspirin in children)
• Lukewarm baths can help comfort
• Monitor for signs of dehydration

Symptoms:

• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sneezing and coughing
• Mild fever
• Sore throat
• Fatigue and irritability

Treatment:

• Rest and plenty of fluids
• Saline nasal drops for congestion
• Humidifier or steam from shower
• Honey for cough (children over 1 year)
• Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for discomfort

When to Call:

• Symptoms worsen after 7-10 days
• High fever or difficulty breathing
• Ear pain or severe headache
• Signs of dehydration

Symptoms:

• Ear pain, especially when lying down
• Tugging or pulling at ears
• Difficulty sleeping
• Fever
• Drainage from ear
• Hearing difficulties
• Irritability in infants

Treatment:

• Pain management with acetaminophen or ibuprofen
• Warm compress on affected ear
• Antibiotics if prescribed by doctor
• Keep child upright when possible

Prevention:

• Avoid secondhand smoke
• Breastfeed if possible
• Keep up with vaccinations
• Practice good hand hygiene

Symptoms:

• Sudden onset of severe sore throat
• Fever (usually over 101°F)
• Red, swollen tonsils with white patches
• Swollen lymph nodes in neck
• Headache and body aches
• Nausea or vomiting

When to Call Doctor:

• Severe sore throat with fever
• Difficulty swallowing
• Red rash (scarlet fever)
• Symptoms don't improve in 24-48 hours

Treatment:

• Antibiotics as prescribed by doctor
• Pain relief with acetaminophen or ibuprofen
• Warm salt water gargles
• Plenty of fluids and rest
• Soft foods and cool liquids

Symptoms:

• High fever (usually 100.4°F or higher)
• Body aches and chills
• Headache
• Fatigue and weakness
• Dry cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose

Treatment:

• Rest and plenty of fluids
• Antiviral medication if prescribed early
• Fever reducers for comfort
• Humidifier for congestion
• Isolation until fever-free for 24 hours

Prevention:

• Annual flu vaccination
• Frequent hand washing
• Avoid close contact with sick people
• Cover coughs and sneezes

What is RSV?

RSV is a common respiratory virus that can infect the lungs and other organs involved in breathing. Almost all children get RSV at least once before age 2.

Symptoms:

• Fever (100.4°F/38°C or higher)
• Cough (dry or wet sounding)
• Congestion and runny nose
• Sneezing and fussiness
• Poor feeding in infants
• Difficulty breathing (severe cases)

When to Call Doctor:

• Symptoms of bronchiolitis (difficulty breathing)
• Signs of dehydration
• Grayish or bluish skin color
• Not as active or alert as usual
• Fever in babies under 3 months

Treatment:

• No specific treatment - supportive care
• Nasal saline with gentle suctioning
• Cool-mist humidifier
• Plenty of fluids
• Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever

What is it?

A common viral infection most frequently seen in summer and fall. Despite its scary name, this illness is generally mild.

Symptoms:

• Tiny blisters in mouth and on fingers, palms, buttocks, and soles of feet
• Fever, sore throat, runny nose, and cough
• Difficulty eating or drinking due to mouth sores
• May cause vomiting and diarrhea (less common)

How it Spreads:

• Respiratory droplets from talking, coughing, sneezing
• Contact with contaminated objects
• Contact with infected stool
• Contagious for weeks in stool after symptoms resolve

Prevention:

• Good hand hygiene, especially after diaper changes
• Cover coughs and sneezes
• Disinfect contaminated surfaces
• Avoid sharing utensils and cups

Symptoms:

• Fever and chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Muscle or body aches
• Headache and fatigue
• New loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

Children at Higher Risk:

• Unvaccinated children
• Children with obesity
• Conditions that weaken immune system
• Heart or lung disease (including asthma)
• Diabetes
• Chronic kidney disease

Protection:

• Get COVID-19 vaccines for eligible family members
• Stay up to date with boosters
• Wear well-fitting face masks in public
• Maintain physical distance from others
• Wash hands frequently
• Avoid crowds and poorly ventilated spaces

When to Call Doctor:

• Difficulty breathing
• Persistent chest pain
• Confusion or inability to stay awake
• Bluish lips or face
• Severe or persistent vomiting

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is a serious infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be viral or bacterial and requires immediate medical attention.

Emergency Symptoms - Call 911:

• High fever with severe headache
• Stiff neck
• Sensitivity to light
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Skin rash that doesn't fade when pressed
• Seizures

In Infants:

• High fever or low body temperature
• Constant crying
• Excessive sleepiness or irritability
• Poor feeding
• Bulging fontanelle (soft spot)
• Stiffness in body and neck

Prevention:

• Keep up with vaccinations
• Good hand hygiene
• Avoid sharing drinks or utensils
• Cover coughs and sneezes

What is Anemia?

Anemia occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal for your child's age. Red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles and organs throughout the body.

Common Signs and Symptoms:

• Pale or sallow skin
• Pale cheeks and lips
• Lining of eyelids and nail beds less pink than normal
• Irritability and mild weakness
• Tiring easily, napping more frequently
• Eating strange non-food items (ice, dirt, starch)

Prevention:

• Iron-fortified formula for bottle-fed babies
• Iron supplements for breastfed babies after 4 months
• Limit cow's milk to 2 cups per day after age 1
• Iron-rich foods (red meat, fortified cereals, beans)
• Vitamin C foods to help iron absorption

When to Call Doctor:

• Signs of anemia persist
• Child appears very pale or weak
• Eating non-food items
• Concerns about diet or growth

Symptoms:

• Vomiting and nausea
• Diarrhea
• Stomach cramps
• Low-grade fever
• Headache and body aches

Treatment:

• Rest and gradual rehydration
• Clear fluids: water, clear broths, electrolyte solutions
• BRAT diet when ready: Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast
• Avoid dairy and fatty foods initially
• Probiotics may help recovery

Signs of Dehydration (Call Doctor):

• Dry mouth and tongue
• No tears when crying
• No wet diapers for 3+ hours
• Sunken eyes or cheeks
• Unusual drowsiness or irritability

Signs:

• Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week
• Hard, dry stools
• Straining during bowel movements
• Stomach pain or bloating
• Blood on stool surface

Treatment:

• Increase fiber intake (fruits, vegetables, whole grains)
• Encourage plenty of water
• Regular physical activity
• Establish regular toilet routine
• Consider stool softeners if recommended

When to Call Doctor:

• No bowel movement for more than 3 days
• Severe abdominal pain
• Blood in stool
• Vomiting
• Weight loss

When to Call Doctor:

• Signs of dehydration
• Blood in stool
• High fever with diarrhea
• Severe abdominal pain
• Diarrhea lasting more than 3 days

Treatment:

• Maintain hydration with clear fluids
• Oral rehydration solutions
• Continue breastfeeding if applicable
• BRAT diet when tolerated
• Avoid dairy temporarily
• Probiotics may help

Prevention:

• Good hand hygiene
• Safe food preparation
• Clean water sources
• Proper diaper changing practices

Signs of Colic:

• Crying for 3+ hours a day, 3+ days a week
• Crying episodes often in evening
• Baby appears healthy otherwise
• Clenched fists, arched back
• Red face during crying episodes

Soothing Techniques:

• Swaddling
• Gentle rocking or walking
• White noise or soft music
• Pacifier
• Warm bath
• Bicycle legs for gas relief

When to Call Doctor:

• Fever
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Poor feeding or weight loss
• Crying sounds different or high-pitched
• Parents feeling overwhelmed

What is Appendicitis?

Appendicitis is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen in children. It occurs when the appendix becomes acutely inflamed, usually due to obstruction.

Symptoms:

• Dull pain around the navel that moves to lower right abdomen
• Loss of appetite (always present)
• Nausea and vomiting (vomiting never precedes pain)
• Low-grade fever
• Tenderness when pressure applied to lower right abdomen

When to Seek Emergency Care:

• Severe abdominal pain, especially lower right
• Pain that worsens with movement or coughing
• Vomiting with abdominal pain
• Fever with abdominal pain
• Any suspected appendicitis requires immediate medical attention

What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus. Some reflux is normal in infants, but GERD is when it causes symptoms or complications.

Symptoms in Infants:

• Frequent spitting up or vomiting
• Irritability during or after feeding
• Arching back during feeding
• Poor weight gain
• Refusing to eat
• Chronic cough or wheezing

Symptoms in Older Children:

• Heartburn or chest pain
• Sour taste in mouth
• Chronic cough
• Hoarse voice
• Difficulty swallowing
• Nausea

Management:

• Keep baby upright after feeding
• Smaller, more frequent feedings
• Thicken formula if recommended
• Avoid tight clothing around waist
• Elevate head of bed for older children
• Avoid trigger foods (spicy, acidic, fatty)

Common Food Allergens:

• Milk and dairy products
• Eggs
• Peanuts and tree nuts
• Fish and shellfish
• Wheat and soy
• Sesame

Allergic Reaction Symptoms:

• Hives, itching, or skin rash
• Swelling of lips, tongue, or throat
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Dizziness or fainting
• Severe reactions (anaphylaxis)

Management:

• Strict avoidance of trigger foods
• Read all food labels carefully
• Carry emergency medications (epinephrine)
• Educate family, school, and caregivers
• Have emergency action plan

When to Call 911:

• Difficulty breathing
• Swelling of throat or tongue
• Rapid pulse or dizziness
• Loss of consciousness
• Severe whole-body reaction

Common Feeding Issues:

• Refusing to eat or drink
• Extreme pickiness with foods
• Difficulty chewing or swallowing
• Gagging or vomiting during meals
• Poor weight gain
• Mealtime tantrums

Strategies to Help:

• Offer variety without pressure
• Make mealtimes pleasant and relaxed
• Model healthy eating behaviors
• Involve child in food preparation
• Limit distractions during meals
• Stick to regular meal and snack times

When to Call Doctor:

• Poor weight gain or weight loss
• Signs of dehydration
• Persistent vomiting
• Extreme food aversions
• Feeding difficulties affecting growth

Common Causes:

• Constipation
• Gas or indigestion
• Viral gastroenteritis
• Food intolerance
• Stress or anxiety
• Urinary tract infection

Red Flag Symptoms - Call Doctor:

• Severe, persistent pain
• Pain that worsens over time
• Fever with abdominal pain
• Vomiting, especially if green
• Blood in stool or vomit
• Signs of dehydration
• Pain that prevents normal activities

Home Care:

• Rest and comfort measures
• Clear fluids if tolerated
• Warm compress on abdomen
• Avoid solid foods until feeling better
• Monitor symptoms closely

Symptoms:

• Wheezing or whistling sound when breathing
• Persistent cough, especially at night
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• Fatigue during physical activity

Common Triggers:

• Allergens (dust mites, pet dander, pollen)
• Respiratory infections
• Physical activity
• Weather changes
• Strong odors or smoke
• Emotional stress

Management:

• Follow asthma action plan
• Use prescribed medications correctly
• Identify and avoid triggers
• Regular check-ups with doctor
• Keep rescue inhaler accessible

What is Bronchiolitis?

Inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, most commonly caused by RSV. Most common in babies and young children under 2 years.

Symptoms:

• Difficulty or rapid breathing
• Wheezing
• Flaring of nostrils with breathing
• Head bobbing with breathing
• Rhythmic grunting during breathing
• Belly breathing, tugging between ribs

When to Seek Care:

• Any signs of breathing difficulty
• Poor feeding or eating
• Signs of dehydration
• Bluish color around lips or fingernails
• Extreme fussiness or lethargy

Treatment:

• Supportive care - rest and fluids
• Humidified air
• Frequent small feedings
• May require hospitalization for severe cases
• Oxygen support if needed

What is Croup?

Viral infection causing swelling around the voice box and windpipe. Most common in children 6 months to 6 years old.

Symptoms:

• Barking cough (sounds like a seal)
• Hoarse voice
• Harsh, raspy breathing sound (stridor)
• Fever
• Symptoms often worse at night

Home Treatment:

• Cool, moist air (bathroom steam or cool night air)
• Keep child calm and comfortable
• Plenty of fluids
• Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever

When to Call Doctor:

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• High-pitched breathing sounds when not crying
• Bluish color around mouth or fingernails
• Severe barking cough
• High fever or extreme restlessness

What is Pneumonia?

Infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other germs.

Symptoms:

• Fever and chills
• Cough (may produce mucus)
• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• Chest pain
• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting or diarrhea (in young children)

Treatment:

• Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
• Rest and plenty of fluids
• Fever reducers as recommended
• Humidified air
• Hospitalization for severe cases

When to Call Doctor:

• Difficulty breathing
• High fever (especially in infants)
• Persistent cough with mucus
• Chest pain
• Signs of dehydration
• Worsening symptoms

Prevention:

• Stay up to date on vaccinations
• Good hand hygiene
• Avoid sick people when possible
• Don't smoke around children

Symptoms:

• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sneezing
• Itchy, watery eyes
• Itchy nose or throat
• Dark circles under eyes
• Fatigue

Common Triggers:

• Pollen (trees, grass, weeds)
• Dust mites
• Pet dander
• Mold spores

Management:

• Avoid known allergens when possible
• Use air purifiers
• Keep windows closed during high pollen days
• Wash bedding in hot water weekly
• Antihistamines as recommended
• Nasal saline rinses

Symptoms:

• Thick, colored nasal discharge
• Nasal congestion
• Facial pain or pressure
• Headache
• Cough (often worse at night)
• Fever
• Bad breath

When to Call Doctor:

• Symptoms last more than 10 days
• High fever
• Severe headache
• Swelling around eyes
• Vision changes

Treatment:

• Nasal saline irrigation
• Humidifier or steam
• Pain relievers as directed
• Antibiotics if bacterial (prescribed by doctor)
• Decongestants (short-term use only)

What is Whooping Cough?

Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes severe coughing fits. It's most dangerous in infants under 6 months old.

Symptoms:

• Severe coughing fits followed by "whooping" sound
• Vomiting after coughing
• Exhaustion after coughing fits
• Runny nose and low-grade fever (early stages)
• Difficulty breathing during coughing fits
• Blue lips or face during coughing

When to Seek Emergency Care:

• Difficulty breathing
• Blue lips or face
• Vomiting frequently
• Signs of dehydration
• Infant under 6 months with any symptoms

Prevention:

• DTaP vaccine series for children
• Tdap booster for adolescents and adults
• Pregnant women should get Tdap
• Keep infants away from sick people

Signs of Breathing Problems:

• Rapid or labored breathing
• Wheezing or noisy breathing
• Retractions (skin pulling in around ribs)
• Nasal flaring
• Blue lips or fingernails
• Difficulty speaking due to breathlessness
• Unusual restlessness or anxiety

Call 911 Immediately If:

• Severe difficulty breathing
• Blue lips, face, or fingernails
• Cannot speak in full sentences
• Extreme drowsiness or confusion
• Choking or gasping for air
• Loss of consciousness

Common Causes:

• Asthma attack
• Respiratory infections
• Allergic reactions
• Foreign object in airway
• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis

First Aid:

• Keep child calm and upright
• Loosen tight clothing
• Use prescribed inhalers if available
• Do not leave child alone
• Seek immediate medical attention

Symptoms:

• Red, inflamed skin
• Intense itching
• Dry, scaly patches
• Small bumps that may leak fluid
• Thickened, cracked skin from scratching

Treatment:

• Daily moisturizing with fragrance-free lotions
• Gentle, fragrance-free soaps
• Cool, wet compresses for flare-ups
• Topical medications as prescribed
• Keep fingernails short to prevent scratching

Prevention:

• Identify and avoid triggers
• Use lukewarm water for baths
• Choose soft, breathable fabrics
• Maintain consistent skincare routine
• Manage stress levels

What is Diaper Rash?

Red, irritated skin in the diaper area caused by moisture, friction, or irritants. Very common in babies and toddlers.

Causes:

• Wet or soiled diapers left on too long
• Friction from tight diapers
• New foods or antibiotics
• Yeast or bacterial infections
• Sensitive skin

Treatment:

• Change diapers frequently
• Clean gently with water
• Apply thick layer of barrier cream
• Let skin air dry when possible
• Use fragrance-free products

When to Call Doctor:

• Rash doesn't improve in 2-3 days
• Fever or signs of infection
• Blisters, pus, or open sores
• Rash spreads beyond diaper area

What is Impetigo?

Common bacterial skin infection that causes red sores or blisters. Most common in young children, especially around the nose and mouth.

Symptoms:

• Red sores that quickly rupture and ooze
• Honey-colored crusts form over sores
• Itchy but usually not painful
• Most common around nose, mouth, hands, and feet

Treatment:

• Antibiotic ointment or oral antibiotics
• Gentle cleaning with soap and water
• Keep affected area covered
• Don't share towels, clothing, or bedding

Prevention:

• Good hand hygiene
• Keep cuts and scrapes clean
• Don't scratch insect bites
• Avoid close contact with infected people

What is Ringworm?

A fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or feet. Despite the name, it's not caused by worms.

Symptoms:

• Red, circular patches with raised edges and central clearing
• Cracking and peeling of skin between toes
• Patchy areas of dandruff-like scaling (scalp)
• Hair loss in affected scalp areas
• Itching

How it Spreads:

• Contact with infected humans or animals
• Contaminated surfaces or objects
• Sharing combs, brushes, towels, clothing
• Walking barefoot in contaminated areas

Treatment:

• Antifungal cream for body/feet infections
• Oral antifungal medication for scalp infections
• Keep affected area clean and dry
• Don't share personal items
• Treatment typically 6 weeks for scalp

What is Chickenpox?

Highly contagious viral infection causing an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. Most common in children under 12.

Symptoms:

• Itchy rash that starts as red spots
• Spots develop into fluid-filled blisters
• Blisters eventually scab over
• Fever
• Headache and fatigue
• Loss of appetite

Treatment:

• Keep child comfortable and prevent scratching
• Cool baths with baking soda or oatmeal
• Calamine lotion for itching
• Acetaminophen for fever (never aspirin)
• Keep fingernails short
• Loose, soft clothing

Contagious Period:

• 1-2 days before rash appears
• Until all blisters have scabbed over
• Usually 5-7 days after rash starts
• Keep child home from school/daycare

When to Call Doctor:

• High fever (over 102°F)
• Signs of bacterial infection
• Difficulty breathing
• Severe headache or neck stiffness
• Rash near eyes

Prevention:

• Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine
• Two doses recommended
• Avoid contact with infected people

What is Roseola?

Common viral infection in young children, typically between 6 months and 2 years old. Also called sixth disease.

Symptoms:

• High fever (102-105°F) for 3-4 days
• Fever breaks suddenly
• Pink rash appears as fever disappears
• Rash starts on trunk, spreads to arms and legs
• Mild cold symptoms
• Irritability during fever

Treatment:

• Supportive care - rest and fluids
• Fever reducers for comfort
• Cool baths for fever
• Light clothing
• No specific antiviral treatment needed

When to Call Doctor:

• Fever over 103°F in children under 6 months
• Febrile seizures
• Signs of dehydration
• Difficulty breathing
• Unusual drowsiness or irritability

What is Molluscum Contagiosum?

Common viral skin infection causing small, raised bumps. Most common in children under 10 years old.

Symptoms:

• Small, round, flesh-colored bumps
• Bumps have dimpled centers
• Usually painless and not itchy
• Can appear anywhere on body
• May become red and inflamed

How it Spreads:

• Direct skin-to-skin contact
• Sharing towels, clothing, or toys
• Scratching and spreading to other body parts
• Swimming pools and shared water

Treatment:

• Often resolves on its own (6-12 months)
• Keep bumps covered to prevent spreading
• Don't scratch or pick at bumps
• Medical treatment available if needed
• Good hand hygiene

What are Warts?

Small, rough growths on skin caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Common in children and teens.

Types and Symptoms:

• Common warts: rough, raised bumps on hands/fingers
• Plantar warts: flat, painful warts on feet
• Flat warts: small, smooth, flat-topped
• Filiform warts: finger-like projections on face

How they Spread:

• Direct contact with warts
• Contaminated surfaces (pools, showers)
• Scratching and spreading to other areas
• Sharing personal items

Treatment Options:

• Many warts disappear on their own
• Over-the-counter treatments
• Prescription medications
• Freezing (cryotherapy)
• Don't pick or scratch warts

Symptoms - Inattention:

• Difficulty paying attention to details
• Trouble staying focused on tasks
• Doesn't seem to listen when spoken to
• Fails to follow through on instructions
• Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
• Easily distracted
• Forgetful in daily activities

Symptoms - Hyperactivity/Impulsivity:

• Fidgets or squirms in seat
• Leaves seat when expected to remain seated
• Runs or climbs excessively
• Difficulty playing quietly
• Talks excessively
• Blurts out answers
• Difficulty waiting turn
• Interrupts or intrudes on others

Management Strategies:

• Consistent daily routines
• Clear expectations and rules
• Positive reinforcement systems
• Break tasks into smaller steps
• Minimize distractions
• Regular exercise and outdoor time
• Collaboration with school
• Consider medication if recommended

What is Bedwetting?

Involuntary urination during sleep in children who are old enough to control their bladder. Common and usually not a medical problem.

When is it Normal?

• Most children stay dry at night by age 5
• 15% of 5-year-olds still wet the bed
• More common in boys than girls
• Often runs in families

Management Strategies:

• Limit fluids before bedtime
• Use bathroom right before bed
• Waterproof mattress covers
• Positive reinforcement, avoid punishment
• Bedwetting alarms for older children

When to Call Doctor:

• Sudden onset after being dry for months
• Daytime wetting after age 4
• Signs of urinary tract infection
• Constipation or painful urination
• Emotional distress about bedwetting

What is Childhood Anxiety?

Excessive worry, fear, or nervousness that interferes with daily activities. Some anxiety is normal, but persistent anxiety may need treatment.

Signs of Anxiety:

• Excessive worry about everyday activities
• Avoiding school, friends, or activities
• Physical symptoms (headaches, stomachaches)
• Difficulty sleeping or nightmares
• Irritability or tantrums
• Clinginess or separation fears

How to Help:

• Listen to your child's concerns
• Teach relaxation techniques
• Maintain consistent routines
• Encourage gradual exposure to fears
• Model calm behavior
• Limit exposure to stressful media

When to Seek Help:

• Anxiety interferes with school or friendships
• Physical symptoms without medical cause
• Panic attacks or extreme fears
• Regression in development
• Family functioning is affected

What are Febrile Seizures?

Febrile seizures occur in 2-5% of children between 6 months and 5 years during fever. The child may stiffen, twitch, and roll their eyes, becoming unresponsive for a short time.

What to Do During a Seizure:

• Place child on floor away from hard objects
• Turn head to side so saliva can drain
• Do NOT put anything in their mouth
• Call your child's doctor
• Call 911 if seizure lasts more than 5 minutes

Important Facts:

• Febrile seizures are harmless and don't cause brain damage
• Usually last less than 1 minute
• Children under 1 year have 50% chance of recurrence
• Children over 1 year have 30% chance of recurrence
• Fever-reducing medicines don't prevent seizures

What are Breath-Holding Spells?

Breath-holding spells occur when young children (6 months to 6 years) involuntarily "hold" their breath after becoming emotionally upset, resulting in blue, gray, or pale coloring and occasionally fainting.

Types:

• Cyanotic spells: Child becomes upset, cries, then holds breath and turns blue
• Pallid spells: Child becomes surprised or frightened and loses consciousness rapidly

Management:

• Keep child safe during episode
• Don't "give in" to avoid spells
• Spells resolve on their own as child gets older
• Call 911 if unconsciousness lasts more than 1 minute
• Consider behavior modification techniques

Early Signs (12-24 months):

• Limited eye contact
• Delayed speech or language skills
• Repetitive behaviors or movements
• Difficulty with social interactions
• Intense focus on specific objects
• Sensitivity to sounds, textures, or lights

Communication Challenges:

• Delayed speech development
• Difficulty understanding nonverbal cues
• Repetitive use of language
• Difficulty starting or maintaining conversations

When to Seek Evaluation:

• No babbling by 12 months
• No words by 16 months
• Loss of previously acquired skills
• Concerns about social development
• Repetitive behaviors interfering with daily life

Support and Resources:

• Early intervention services
• Speech and occupational therapy
• Behavioral interventions
• Educational support
• Family support groups

Warning Signs:

• Persistent sadness or hopelessness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or sleep
• Fatigue or low energy
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability or anger
• Withdrawal from friends and family
• Declining grades

Seek Immediate Help If:

• Talk of suicide or self-harm
• Giving away possessions
• Reckless behavior
• Substance abuse
• Extreme mood swings

How to Help:

• Listen without judgment
• Encourage professional help
• Maintain routines
• Encourage physical activity
• Stay connected and supportive
• Monitor for warning signs

Crisis Resources:

• National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 988
• Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741
• Call 911 for immediate danger

Typical Milestones:

• 12 months: First words
• 18 months: 10-20 words
• 24 months: 2-word phrases, 50+ words
• 36 months: 3-word sentences, strangers understand speech
• 48 months: Complete sentences, tells stories

Red Flags:

• No babbling by 12 months
• No words by 16 months
• No 2-word phrases by 24 months
• Loss of previously acquired skills
• Difficulty understanding simple instructions
• Limited social interaction

How to Help:

• Talk and read to your child daily
• Respond to attempts at communication
• Limit screen time
• Sing songs and play word games
• Seek early intervention services
• Consider speech therapy evaluation

Common Sleep Disorders:

• Insomnia (difficulty falling/staying asleep)
• Sleep apnea
• Night terrors
• Sleepwalking
• Restless leg syndrome
• Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Signs of Sleep Problems:

• Difficulty falling asleep
• Frequent night wakings
• Snoring or breathing pauses
• Daytime sleepiness
• Behavioral problems
• Academic difficulties
• Morning headaches

Promoting Good Sleep:

• Consistent bedtime routine
• Regular sleep schedule
• Comfortable sleep environment
• Limit screen time before bed
• Avoid caffeine
• Regular physical activity

When to Seek Help:

• Persistent sleep problems
• Loud snoring with breathing pauses
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Sleep affecting daily functioning
• Unusual behaviors during sleep

Types of Learning Disabilities:

• Dyslexia (reading difficulties)
• Dyscalculia (math difficulties)
• Dysgraphia (writing difficulties)
• Auditory processing disorder
• Visual processing disorder
• ADHD (attention difficulties)

Early Warning Signs:

• Difficulty learning letters, numbers, or colors
• Problems with rhyming or sound recognition
• Trouble following directions
• Difficulty with fine motor skills
• Problems with memory
• Struggles with reading, writing, or math

Getting Help:

• Request school evaluation
• Work with teachers and specialists
• Develop individualized education plan (IEP)
• Consider tutoring or therapy
• Focus on child's strengths
• Advocate for appropriate accommodations

Supporting Your Child:

• Maintain positive attitude
• Celebrate small victories
• Communicate with school regularly
• Provide structure and routine
• Connect with support groups

Immediate Care:

• Wash wound immediately with water
• Apply cold compress to bruising
• Seek medical attention if skin is broken
• Capture or confine animal safely if possible

When to Call Doctor:

• Any bite that breaks the skin
• Redness, swelling, drainage, or pain at bite site
• Bite from unknown or wild animal
• Bat found in room with sleeping children
• Signs of infection developing

Rabies Prevention:

• Immunize pets with rabies vaccination
• Avoid contact with wild or stray animals
• Don't allow children to touch dead animals
• Report suspected rabies exposure immediately

Signs of a Fracture:

• Severe pain at injury site
• Swelling and bruising
• Inability to move or use the limb
• Visible deformity
• Bone protruding through skin
• Numbness or tingling

Immediate Care:

• Don't move the child unless necessary
• Immobilize the injured area
• Apply ice wrapped in cloth
• Control bleeding if present
• Seek immediate medical attention
• Don't give food or drink

When to Call 911:

• Open fracture (bone through skin)
• Suspected spine or neck injury
• Multiple injuries
• Child is unconscious
• Severe bleeding

Signs of Concussion:

• Confusion or feeling dazed
• Headache
• Nausea or vomiting
• Balance problems
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• Memory problems
• Changes in sleep patterns

Call 911 Immediately If:

• Loss of consciousness
• Repeated vomiting
• Severe or worsening headache
• Seizures
• Extreme confusion
• Weakness in arms or legs
• Slurred speech

Recovery:

• Physical and mental rest
• Gradual return to activities
• No sports until cleared by doctor
• Monitor symptoms closely
• Follow up with healthcare provider

Difference:

• Sprain: Injury to ligaments (connect bone to bone)
• Strain: Injury to muscles or tendons (connect muscle to bone)

Symptoms:

• Pain and tenderness
• Swelling and bruising
• Limited range of motion
• Difficulty bearing weight (ankle/knee)
• Muscle spasms (strains)

RICE Treatment:

• Rest: Avoid activities that cause pain
• Ice: Apply for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours
• Compression: Use elastic bandage (not too tight)
• Elevation: Raise injured area above heart level

See Doctor If:

• Unable to bear weight or use injured area
• Numbness or tingling
• No improvement after 2-3 days
• Severe pain or deformity
• Signs of infection

Immediate Care:

• Apply direct pressure to stop bleeding
• Clean hands before treating wound
• Rinse wound with clean water
• Apply antibiotic ointment if available
• Cover with sterile bandage

Seek Medical Attention If:

• Cut is deep or gaping
• Bleeding won't stop after 10 minutes of pressure
• Cut is longer than 1/2 inch
• Object embedded in wound
• Signs of infection (redness, warmth, pus)
• Tetanus shot needed

Wound Care:

• Keep wound clean and dry
• Change bandages daily
• Watch for signs of infection
• Don't pick at scabs
• Follow up as directed

First Aid for Burns:

• Remove from heat source immediately
• Cool burn with cool (not cold) water for 10-20 minutes
• Remove jewelry/clothing before swelling
• Don't break blisters
• Cover with sterile gauze
• Give pain medication as appropriate

Call 911 for:

• Burns larger than child's palm
• Burns on face, hands, feet, or genitals
• Electrical or chemical burns
• Burns that appear white or charred
• Difficulty breathing
• Signs of shock

What NOT to Do:

• Don't use ice or very cold water
• Don't apply butter, oil, or home remedies
• Don't break blisters
• Don't remove stuck clothing

What is a UTI?

A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria enter and multiply in the urinary system. UTIs are more common in girls than boys.

Symptoms:

• Pain or burning during urination
• Frequent urination or urgency
• Fever
• Abdominal or back pain
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Blood in urine
• Bedwetting in toilet-trained children

Prevention:

• Drink plenty of water
• Urinate regularly, don't hold it
• Wipe front to back (girls)
• Avoid bubble baths and harsh soaps
• Wear cotton underwear
• Change diapers frequently

When to Call Doctor:

• Any symptoms of UTI
• Fever with urinary symptoms
• Persistent symptoms
• Recurrent UTIs

What are Growing Pains?

Growing pains are common leg pains that occur in children, typically between ages 3-12. Despite the name, they're not actually caused by growth.

Characteristics:

• Occur in the evening or at night
• Affect both legs (thighs, calves, behind knees)
• Pain is aching or throbbing
• No swelling, redness, or warmth
• Child is fine during the day
• May wake child from sleep

Relief Measures:

• Gentle massage of the legs
• Warm bath before bedtime
• Heating pad or warm compress
• Stretching exercises
• Pain relievers if needed (acetaminophen/ibuprofen)
• Comfort and reassurance

Call Doctor If:

• Pain persists during the day
• Swelling, redness, or warmth
• Limping or difficulty walking
• Fever with leg pain
• Pain affects only one leg
• Joint pain or stiffness

What is Scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. It most commonly develops during growth spurts in adolescence.

Signs to Watch For:

• Uneven shoulders or shoulder blades
• Uneven waist or hips
• One side of rib cage appears higher
• Clothes don't hang evenly
• Leaning to one side
• Back pain (in severe cases)

Screening and Diagnosis:

• School scoliosis screenings
• Physical examination by doctor
• X-rays to measure curve
• Regular monitoring during growth

Treatment Options:

• Observation for mild curves
• Bracing for moderate curves
• Physical therapy
• Surgery for severe curves
• Regular follow-up appointments

Common Sports Injuries:

• Sprains and strains
• Fractures
• Concussions
• Overuse injuries
• Knee injuries
• Shoulder injuries
• Heat-related illnesses

Prevention:

• Proper warm-up and cool-down
• Use appropriate protective equipment
• Follow proper technique
• Stay hydrated
• Get adequate rest
• Don't play through pain
• Gradual increase in activity

When to Stop Playing:

• Any head injury or concussion symptoms
• Severe pain
• Inability to bear weight
• Visible deformity
• Numbness or tingling
• Signs of heat illness

Return to Play:

• Medical clearance required
• Gradual return to activity
• No symptoms during activity
• Complete healing of injury
• Proper rehabilitation completed

Birth to 6 Months:

• Hepatitis B (birth, 1-2 months, 6 months)
• DTaP (2, 4, 6 months)
• Hib (2, 4, 6 months)
• PCV13 (2, 4, 6 months)
• IPV (2, 4, 6 months)
• Rotavirus (2, 4, 6 months)

12-15 Months:

• MMR (12-15 months)
• Varicella (12-15 months)
• Hib booster
• PCV13 booster

4-6 Years:

• DTaP booster
• IPV booster
• MMR second dose
• Varicella second dose

Common Side Effects:

• Mild fever
• Soreness at injection site
• Fussiness or irritability
• Mild rash
• Decreased appetite

Managing Side Effects:

• Cool compress on injection site
• Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever
• Extra fluids and rest
• Move arm gently to reduce soreness

When to Call Doctor:

• High fever (over 104°F)
• Severe allergic reaction
• Persistent crying for hours
• Seizure
• Unusual drowsiness

Who Should Get Flu Vaccine:

• Everyone 6 months and older
• Especially important for high-risk children
• Children with asthma, diabetes, or heart conditions
• Pregnant women
• Household contacts of infants under 6 months

Timing:

• Get vaccinated by end of October
• Annual vaccination needed
• Children under 9 may need two doses
• Takes about 2 weeks for protection

Types Available:

• Injectable flu shot (recommended)
• Nasal spray (for healthy children 2-17 years)
• Different formulations for different ages

Side Effects:

• Soreness at injection site
• Low-grade fever
• Mild aches
• Serious reactions are very rare

Eligibility:

• Available for children 6 months and older
• Different formulations for different age groups
• Updated vaccines available seasonally
• Consult pediatrician for current recommendations

Benefits:

• Reduces risk of severe COVID-19
• Helps prevent hospitalization
• Reduces transmission to others
• Allows safer return to normal activities

Common Side Effects:

• Pain at injection site
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Fever
• Usually mild and resolve in 1-2 days

Myth: Vaccines Cause Autism

Fact: Extensive research has shown no link between vaccines and autism. The original study claiming this connection was fraudulent and retracted.

Myth: Natural Immunity is Better

Fact: While natural infection can provide immunity, it comes with serious risks of complications, hospitalization, and death that vaccines avoid.

Myth: Too Many Vaccines Overwhelm Immune System

Fact: Children's immune systems can handle many vaccines safely. The antigens in vaccines are a tiny fraction of what children encounter daily.

Myth: Vaccines Contain Dangerous Ingredients

Fact: Vaccine ingredients are safe in the amounts used. Many concerns are based on misunderstanding of preservatives and adjuvants.

Planning Ahead:

• Consult pediatrician 4-6 weeks before travel
• Check CDC travel health notices
• Ensure routine vaccines are up to date
• Consider destination-specific risks
• Plan for vaccine timing requirements

Common Travel Vaccines:

• Hepatitis A (recommended for most international travel)
• Typhoid (for certain destinations)
• Yellow fever (required for some countries)
• Japanese encephalitis (Asia travel)
• Meningococcal (certain regions/seasons)
• Rabies (high-risk areas or activities)

Age Considerations:

• Some vaccines not approved for infants
• Yellow fever not given under 9 months
• Consider delaying travel to high-risk areas
• Extra precautions for young children

Additional Precautions:

• Insect repellent for mosquito-borne diseases
• Safe food and water practices
• Sun protection
• Travel health insurance
• Medication for traveler's diarrhea

When Catch-up is Needed:

• Missed or delayed vaccines
• New patients without records
• International adoptees
• Children who were previously unvaccinated
• Incomplete vaccine series

Catch-up Principles:

• Follow CDC catch-up schedule
• Minimum intervals between doses
• Age-appropriate vaccines only
• Don't restart series if interrupted
• Prioritize most important vaccines first

Special Considerations:

• Some vaccines have maximum ages
• Live vaccines may need spacing
• Consider combination vaccines
• Document all vaccines given
• Provide updated immunization record

Working with Your Pediatrician:

• Bring any available vaccine records
• Discuss child's health history
• Plan vaccination schedule
• Schedule follow-up appointments
• Ask about school requirements

Benefits:

• Optimal nutrition for baby
• Antibodies for immune protection
• Reduced risk of infections
• Lower risk of allergies and asthma
• Bonding between mother and baby

Getting Started:

• Start within first hour after birth
• Feed on demand (8-12 times per day)
• Ensure proper latch
• Watch for hunger cues
• Stay hydrated and well-nourished

When to Call for Help:

• Difficulty with latch
• Severe nipple pain
• Concerns about milk supply
• Baby not gaining weight
• Signs of mastitis

When to Start:

• Around 6 months of age
• Baby can sit with support
• Shows interest in food
• Can hold head steady
• Lost tongue-thrust reflex

First Foods:

• Iron-fortified cereal
• Pureed vegetables (sweet potato, carrots)
• Pureed fruits (banana, apple)
• Introduce one food at a time
• Wait 3-5 days between new foods

Foods to Avoid (First Year):

• Honey
• Cow's milk as main drink
• Choking hazards (nuts, grapes)
• High-sodium foods
• Added sugars

Choosing Formula:

• Iron-fortified cow's milk formula for most babies
• Soy formula for specific medical reasons
• Specialized formulas for allergies or medical conditions
• Consult pediatrician before switching formulas

Safe Preparation:

• Wash hands and sterilize equipment
• Use safe water (boiled if unsure)
• Follow mixing instructions exactly
• Test temperature on wrist
• Use prepared formula within 2 hours
• Discard leftover formula from bottle

Feeding Guidelines:

• Feed on demand, typically every 2-4 hours
• Start with 1-2 oz per feeding for newborns
• Increase amount as baby grows
• Hold baby during feeding
• Burp frequently during feeding
• Never prop bottle

Common Behaviors:

• Refusing new foods
• Eating only a few preferred foods
• Extreme reactions to food textures
• Eating very small amounts
• Mealtime battles

Strategies That Help:

• Offer variety without pressure
• Make mealtimes pleasant
• Be a good role model
• Involve child in food preparation
• Offer new foods multiple times
• Don't use food as reward or punishment
• Trust child's appetite

When to Worry:

• Poor weight gain or weight loss
• Extreme food aversions
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Feeding affecting family life
• Child avoiding entire food groups

Building Healthy Habits:

• Offer variety of foods from all food groups
• Make half the plate fruits and vegetables
• Choose whole grains over refined
• Include lean proteins
• Limit added sugars and sodium
• Encourage water over sugary drinks

Age-Appropriate Portions:

• Toddlers: 1/4 to 1/2 adult portion
• Preschoolers: 1/2 to 3/4 adult portion
• School-age: 3/4 to full adult portion
• Let children self-regulate hunger and fullness

Creating Positive Mealtime:

• Eat meals together as family
• Make mealtimes pleasant
• Avoid distractions (TV, phones)
• Don't use food as reward or punishment
• Be patient with new foods

What Growth Charts Show:

• Height and weight percentiles
• Head circumference (infants)
• BMI for age (children 2+)
• Growth patterns over time

Understanding Percentiles:

• 50th percentile = average
• Higher percentile = larger than peers
• Lower percentile = smaller than peers
• Normal range is wide (5th-95th percentile)
• Consistency more important than specific number

When to Be Concerned:

• Crossing multiple percentile lines
• Falling off growth curve
• Very low or high percentiles
• Significant changes in growth pattern

Risk Factors:

• Poor eating habits
• Lack of physical activity
• Excessive screen time
• Family history
• Certain medical conditions
• Socioeconomic factors

Prevention Strategies:

• Encourage healthy eating habits
• Promote regular physical activity
• Limit screen time
• Ensure adequate sleep
• Be a positive role model
• Focus on health, not weight

Family Approach:

• Make healthy changes together
• Plan active family activities
• Cook meals at home
• Avoid labeling foods as "good" or "bad"
• Celebrate non-food achievements

Generally Recommended:

• Vitamin D for all children
• Iron for breastfed infants after 4 months
• Fluoride in areas without fluoridated water
• Vitamin B12 for vegetarian/vegan children

Who May Need Supplements:

• Picky eaters with limited diets
• Children with chronic diseases
• Those on restrictive diets
• Children with malabsorption issues

Safety Considerations:

• More is not always better
• Some vitamins can be toxic in large doses
• Consult pediatrician before starting
• Keep supplements away from children
• Choose age-appropriate formulations

Rear-Facing (Birth to 2+ years):

• Keep rear-facing until at least age 2
• Or until reaching seat's height/weight limit
• Safest position for young children
• Harness straps at or below shoulders

Forward-Facing (2-4 years):

• Use 5-point harness
• Harness straps at or above shoulders
• Keep in this stage as long as possible
• Until reaching seat's limits

Booster Seat (4-8 years):

• Use until seat belt fits properly
• Lap belt across hips, not stomach
• Shoulder belt across chest
• Child can sit with back against seat

Kitchen Safety:

• Cabinet and drawer locks
• Stove knob covers
• Refrigerator locks
• Sharp object storage
• Appliance locks

Bathroom Safety:

• Toilet locks
• Medicine cabinet locks
• Non-slip mats
• Water temperature regulation
• Electrical outlet covers

General Home:

• Outlet covers and plugs
• Furniture corner guards
• Window guards and stops
• Stair gates
• Door knob covers

Drowning Prevention:

• Never leave children unattended near water
• Install barriers around pools (fences, gates)
• Learn CPR
• Use Coast Guard-approved life jackets
• Teach children to swim
• Empty buckets, tubs, and containers after use

Pool Safety Rules:

• Adult supervision at all times
• No running around pool area
• No diving in shallow water
• Keep rescue equipment nearby
• Pool covers are not safety barriers
• Remove toys from pool when not in use

If Drowning Occurs:

• Call 911 immediately
• Remove child from water safely
• Begin CPR if trained
• Continue until help arrives
• Seek medical attention even if child seems fine

Common Household Poisons:

• Cleaning products
• Medications
• Personal care products
• Plants (some varieties)
• Automotive products
• Pesticides

Prevention:

• Store all products in original containers
• Use child-resistant caps and locks
• Keep products out of reach and sight
• Never call medicine "candy"
• Install safety latches on cabinets
• Dispose of unused medications safely

If Poisoning Occurs:

• Call Poison Control: 1-800-222-1222
• Have product container available
• Don't induce vomiting unless told to
• Don't give anything by mouth unless directed
• Call 911 if child is unconscious or having trouble breathing

Supervision Guidelines:

• Always supervise children on playgrounds
• Stay within arm's reach of toddlers
• Watch for age-appropriate equipment
• Check equipment before children play

Equipment Safety:

• Check for broken or damaged equipment
• Look for sharp edges or protruding bolts
• Ensure proper spacing between equipment
• Verify appropriate surface materials
• Report hazards to authorities

Teaching Safe Play:

• Use equipment as intended
• No pushing or rough play
• Wait for turns
• Slide feet first, sitting up
• Hold on with both hands
• Stay away from moving swings

Helmet Requirements:

• Always wear properly fitted helmet
• Replace helmet after any crash
• Choose CPSC-approved helmets
• Helmet should sit level on head
• Straps should form "V" under ears

Bike Safety Rules:

• Ride in same direction as traffic
• Use bike lanes when available
• Obey traffic signals and signs
• Use hand signals for turns
• Wear bright, visible clothing
• Use lights and reflectors

Age Guidelines:

• Under 10: Ride on sidewalks or bike paths
• Adult supervision for street riding
• Teach traffic rules gradually
• Practice in safe areas first

Prevention:

• Install smoke detectors on every level
• Test batteries monthly
• Keep matches and lighters away from children
• Maintain heating equipment
• Use electrical outlets safely
• Have fire extinguishers available

Escape Planning:

• Create and practice escape plan
• Identify two ways out of each room
• Choose meeting place outside
• Practice crawling low under smoke
• Never go back inside burning building

Teaching Children:

• Stop, drop, and roll if clothes catch fire
• Call 911 in emergency
• Never hide during fire
• Feel doors before opening
• Stay low and go

Online Safety Rules:

• Never share personal information
• Don't meet online friends in person
• Tell parents about uncomfortable interactions
• Use privacy settings on social media
• Think before posting or sharing
• Be kind and respectful online

Parental Controls:

• Use filtering software
• Set time limits for device use
• Monitor online activity
• Keep devices in common areas
• Review friend lists and contacts

Cyberbullying Prevention:

• Teach children to report bullying
• Don't respond to mean messages
• Save evidence of bullying
• Block and report bullies
• Support children who are bullied

Safe Sleep Guidelines:

• Always place baby on their back to sleep
• Use a firm, flat sleep surface
• Keep crib bare - no blankets, pillows, bumpers
• Room-share without bed-sharing
• Avoid smoke exposure

Safe Sleep Environment:

• Use safety-approved crib or bassinet
• Fitted sheet only on mattress
• Keep room at comfortable temperature
• Dress baby in light sleep clothing
• Consider wearable blankets instead of loose bedding

Additional SIDS Prevention:

• Breastfeed as much and as long as possible
• Attend all well-child visits for immunizations
• Offer pacifier at nap time and bedtime
• Avoid products claiming to reduce SIDS risk
• Provide supervised tummy time when awake

For Expectant Mothers:

• Attend all prenatal visits
• Don't smoke, drink alcohol, or use drugs
• Plan for skin-to-skin contact after birth

What is Sleep Apnea?

Sleep apnea occurs when breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. In children, it's often caused by enlarged tonsils and adenoids.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Loud snoring
• Pauses in breathing during sleep
• Restless sleep
• Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Behavioral problems
• Bedwetting
• Morning headaches

When to Call Doctor:

• Loud snoring most nights
• Witnessed breathing pauses
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Behavioral or learning problems
• Growth concerns

Sleep Needs by Age:

• Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours
• Infants (4-11 months): 12-15 hours
• Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours
• Preschoolers (3-5 years): 10-13 hours
• School-age (6-13 years): 9-11 hours
• Teens (14-17 years): 8-10 hours

Creating Good Sleep Habits:

• Consistent bedtime and wake time
• Regular bedtime routine
• Comfortable sleep environment
• Limit caffeine and large meals before bed
• Avoid screens 1 hour before bedtime

Signs of Sleep Problems:

• Difficulty falling asleep
• Frequent night wakings
• Daytime sleepiness
• Behavioral problems
• Academic difficulties

AAP Recommendations:

• Under 18 months: Avoid screens (except video chatting)
• 18-24 months: Watch high-quality programming with parent
• 2-5 years: Limit to 1 hour of high-quality content
• 6+ years: Consistent limits that don't interfere with sleep, physical activity, or other healthy behaviors

Quality Content:

• Educational and age-appropriate
• Slow-paced and easy to follow
• Encourages interaction
• Avoid violent or scary content
• Co-view and discuss with children

Creating Balance:

• Designate screen-free times and zones
• Encourage physical activity
• Promote face-to-face interaction
• Model healthy screen use
• Prioritize sleep and family time

Activity Guidelines by Age:

• Toddlers (1-2 years): 180 minutes throughout the day
• Preschoolers (3-5 years): 180 minutes, including 60 minutes moderate-vigorous
• Children/Teens (6-17 years): 60 minutes daily moderate-vigorous

Types of Activity:

• Aerobic activities (running, swimming, biking)
• Muscle-strengthening (climbing, push-ups)
• Bone-strengthening (jumping, running)
• Flexibility and balance activities

Making It Fun:

• Choose activities children enjoy
• Be active as a family
• Try different sports and activities
• Focus on fun, not competition
• Limit sedentary time

Building Resilience:

• Teach coping skills
• Encourage problem-solving
• Build strong relationships
• Foster sense of purpose
• Promote self-confidence
• Teach emotional regulation

Warning Signs to Watch:

• Persistent sadness or irritability
• Withdrawal from activities
• Changes in eating or sleeping
• Difficulty concentrating
• Aggressive behavior
• Regression in development

Supporting Mental Health:

• Listen without judgment
• Validate feelings
• Maintain routines
• Encourage healthy habits
• Seek professional help when needed
• Model healthy coping

When to Start:

• Usually between 4-6 months of age
• Baby is healthy and gaining weight well
• No major life changes or illness
• Parents are ready and committed
• Consistent bedtime routine established

Common Methods:

• Gradual/Ferber Method: Check and comfort at intervals
• Extinction/Cry It Out: Put baby down awake, minimal intervention
• Chair Method: Gradually move chair away from crib
• Pick Up/Put Down: Comfort when crying, put down when calm
• No Tears Methods: Gentle approaches without crying

Important Considerations:

• Choose method that fits your family
• Be consistent with chosen approach
• Expect some crying initially
• Most babies learn within 3-7 days
• Ensure baby's basic needs are met

When to Pause or Stop:

• Baby is sick
• Major life changes (moving, new sibling)
• Travel or schedule disruptions
• Method isn't working after 2 weeks
• Family stress is too high

Benefits of Bedtime Routines:

• Signals body it's time to sleep
• Provides security and predictability
• Improves sleep quality
• Strengthens parent-child bond
• Reduces bedtime resistance

Sample Bedtime Routine (30-45 minutes):

• Bath or wash face and hands
• Put on pajamas
• Brush teeth
• Read bedtime story
• Sing lullaby or quiet music
• Say goodnight and leave room

Age-Specific Tips:

• Infants: Feed, diaper change, swaddle, rock
• Toddlers: Include choices (which pajamas, which book)
• Preschoolers: Add quiet activities, avoid stimulating play
• School-age: Include preparation for next day

Making It Work:

• Start routine at same time each night
• Keep activities calm and quiet
• Be consistent, even on weekends
• Adjust routine as child grows
• Include all caregivers in routine

Why Milestones Matter:

• Track child's development progress
• Identify potential delays early
• Guide when to seek help
• Celebrate achievements
• Plan appropriate activities

Key Developmental Areas:

• Motor Skills: Rolling, sitting, walking, fine motor
• Language: First words, sentences, understanding
• Social-Emotional: Smiling, attachment, play
• Cognitive: Problem-solving, memory, learning
• Adaptive: Self-care, independence

Important Reminders:

• Children develop at their own pace
• Milestones are guidelines, not strict rules
• Some children excel in one area, lag in another
• Premature babies may reach milestones later
• Cultural factors can influence development

When to Be Concerned:

• Missing multiple milestones
• Loss of previously acquired skills
• Significant delays in one area
• Parent or caregiver concerns
• Teacher or daycare provider concerns

Getting Help:

• Discuss concerns with pediatrician
• Request developmental screening
• Consider early intervention services
• Connect with specialists if needed
• Visit our detailed milestones page

What is ADHD:

ADHD is a brain condition that makes it difficult for children to manage their attention, activity, and impulses. It affects 6% to 12% of school-aged children.

Common Signs:

• Difficulty paying attention or staying focused
• Hyperactivity and restlessness
• Impulsive behavior
• Trouble following instructions
• Difficulty organizing tasks

Management Strategies:

• Structured routines and clear expectations
• Behavioral therapy and parent training
• Medication when appropriate
• School accommodations and support
• Regular exercise and healthy lifestyle

Common Sleep Issues:

• Nightmares and night terrors
• Sleepwalking and sleep talking
• Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis)
• Difficulty falling asleep
• Frequent night wakings

Helping with Nightmares:

• Go to your child quickly
• Reassure them you're there for protection
• Encourage them to talk about the dream
• Allow a night light if it helps
• Help them return to sleep when ready

Managing Bedwetting:

• Don't blame or punish your child
• Offer support, not punishment
• Set a no-teasing rule in your family
• Let your child help change wet sheets
• Consider limiting evening fluids

Understanding Tantrums:

Temper tantrums are a normal part of development, usually beginning around 12-18 months, peaking between 2-3 years, and tapering off as children develop better communication skills.

Common Triggers:

• Frustration with communication
• Hunger or tiredness
• Wanting attention or control
• Overstimulation or anxiety
• Not getting their way

How to Handle Tantrums:

• Stay calm and don't give in
• Let the tantrum run its course safely
• Offer comfort when they're ready
• Ignore minor displays of anger
• Set clear, consistent boundaries

Signs of Readiness:

• Staying dry for longer periods
• Showing interest in the bathroom
• Can walk steadily and climb stairs
• Can communicate basic toilet needs
• Shows signs of independence

Getting Started:

• Choose a consistent approach
• Use positive reinforcement
• Establish regular bathroom times
• Make it fun with books or songs
• Be patient with accidents

Understanding Anxiety:

Occasional anxiety is normal, but anxiety disorders involve persistent worry that interferes with daily activities, school performance, and relationships.

Common Signs:

• Excessive worry about everyday situations
• Physical symptoms (headaches, stomachaches)
• Avoidance of activities or situations
• Sleep problems or nightmares
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability or restlessness

How to Help:

• Validate their feelings
• Teach coping strategies and relaxation techniques
• Maintain consistent routines
• Encourage gradual exposure to feared situations
• Seek professional help when needed

Warning Signs:

• Persistent sadness or emptiness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or sleep
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Difficulty concentrating
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Social withdrawal

When to Seek Help:

• Symptoms persist for more than 2 weeks
• Interferes with school or daily activities
• Any mention of self-harm or suicide
• Significant changes in behavior

Crisis Resources:

• Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: 988
• Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741
• Emergency services: 911

Signs Your Child May Be Bullied:

• Unexplained injuries or damaged belongings
• Reluctance to go to school
• Changes in eating or sleeping patterns
• Loss of friends or social isolation
• Decreased self-esteem

How to Help:

• Listen without judgment
• Document incidents
• Contact school officials
• Teach assertiveness skills
• Build your child's confidence
• Consider counseling if needed

Teaching Coping Skills:

• Deep breathing exercises
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Mindfulness and meditation
• Physical exercise and outdoor time
• Creative expression through art or music
• Journaling or talking about feelings

Creating a Supportive Environment:

• Maintain predictable routines
• Encourage open communication
• Limit overscheduling
• Model healthy stress management
• Ensure adequate sleep and nutrition

When to Start:

• Around 6 months of age
• Baby can sit up with support
• Shows interest in food
• Can hold head steady
• Has lost the tongue-thrust reflex

First Foods:

• Iron-fortified single-grain cereals
• Pureed vegetables (sweet potato, carrots)
• Pureed fruits (apples, bananas)
• Introduce one food at a time
• Wait 3-5 days between new foods

Foods to Avoid (First Year):

• Honey (risk of botulism)
• Cow's milk as main drink
• Choking hazards (nuts, grapes, popcorn)
• High-sodium or high-sugar foods

Understanding Picky Eating:

Picky eating is common in toddlers and preschoolers as they develop food preferences and assert independence.

Strategies to Help:

• Offer variety without pressure
• Make mealtimes pleasant and stress-free
• Be a good role model
• Involve kids in meal planning and preparation
• Limit snacks and drinks between meals
• Don't use food as reward or punishment

When to Worry:

• Significant weight loss
• Eating fewer than 20 foods
• Avoiding entire food groups
• Gagging or vomiting with new foods
• Mealtime battles affecting family

Common Food Allergens:

• Milk and dairy products
• Eggs
• Peanuts and tree nuts
• Fish and shellfish
• Wheat and soy
• Sesame

Signs of Allergic Reaction:

• Hives or skin rash
• Swelling of face, lips, or tongue
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Severe reactions require immediate medical attention

Management:

• Strict avoidance of trigger foods
• Read all food labels carefully
• Carry emergency medications (epinephrine)
• Educate family, school, and caregivers
• Have emergency action plan

Building Healthy Habits:

• Eat regular meals and snacks
• Include fruits and vegetables daily
• Choose whole grains over refined
• Limit sugary drinks and snacks
• Encourage water as primary beverage
• Make family meals a priority

Age-Appropriate Portions:

• Toddlers: 1/4 to 1/2 adult portion
• Preschoolers: 1/2 to 3/4 adult portion
• School-age: 3/4 to full adult portion
• Let children self-regulate hunger cues

Infants (0-12 months):

• 2 months: Smiles, follows objects with eyes
• 4 months: Holds head steady, laughs
• 6 months: Sits with support, babbles
• 9 months: Crawls, says "mama" or "dada"
• 12 months: Walks with assistance, first words

Toddlers (1-3 years):

• 15 months: Walks independently
• 18 months: Uses 10-20 words
• 2 years: Runs, climbs, 2-word phrases
• 3 years: Pedals tricycle, speaks in sentences

When to Discuss with Doctor:

• Missing multiple milestones
• Loss of previously acquired skills
• Concerns about hearing or vision
• Significant delays in speech or motor skills

Understanding Growth Charts:

• Track height, weight, and head circumference
• Percentiles compare to other children same age
• Consistent growth pattern more important than percentile
• Each child has their own growth curve

Normal Growth Patterns:

• Infants: Triple birth weight by first birthday
• Toddlers: Gain 4-6 pounds per year
• Preschoolers: Grow 2-3 inches per year
• School-age: Steady growth until puberty

When to Be Concerned:

• Crossing multiple percentile lines
• No weight gain for several months
• Significant deviation from previous pattern
• Very low or very high percentiles with symptoms

Normal Age Ranges:

• Girls: Typically begins 8-13 years
• Boys: Typically begins 9-14 years
• Wide variation is normal
• Process takes 2-5 years to complete

Physical Changes:

• Growth spurts in height and weight
• Development of secondary sexual characteristics
• Voice changes (especially boys)
• Skin changes and possible acne
• Body odor and increased sweating

Supporting Your Teen:

• Open, honest communication
• Respect their need for privacy
• Provide accurate information
• Address concerns about body changes
• Discuss hygiene and self-care

Birth to 6 Months:

• Hepatitis B (birth, 1-2 months, 6 months)
• DTaP (2, 4, 6 months)
• Hib (2, 4, 6 months)
• Polio (2, 4, 6 months)
• Pneumococcal (2, 4, 6 months)
• Rotavirus (2, 4, 6 months)

12-15 Months:

• MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Hepatitis A
• DTaP, Hib, Pneumococcal boosters

School Age & Beyond:

• DTaP booster (4-6 years)
• MMR booster (4-6 years)
• Tdap (11-12 years)
• HPV (11-12 years, 2-3 doses)
• Meningococcal (11-12 years)
• Annual flu vaccine

Common Side Effects:

• Mild fever (less than 101°F)
• Soreness or redness at injection site
• Fussiness or mild irritability
• Decreased appetite
• These typically resolve within 1-2 days

Managing Side Effects:

• Apply cool compress to injection site
• Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever
• Offer extra fluids
• Provide comfort and rest

When to Call Doctor:

• High fever (over 104°F)
• Severe allergic reaction
• Persistent crying for hours
• Seizure or unusual behavior
• Any concerning symptoms

Who Should Get Vaccinated:

• Everyone 6 months and older
• Especially important for high-risk groups
• Children with asthma, diabetes, or other chronic conditions
• Pregnant women
• Healthcare workers and caregivers

Timing:

• Get vaccinated by end of October
• Takes about 2 weeks for protection to develop
• Children under 9 may need 2 doses first time
• Annual vaccination needed due to changing strains

Current Recommendations:

• Available for children 6 months and older
• Updated vaccines recommended annually
• Dosing varies by age and vaccine history
• Can be given with other routine vaccines

Benefits:

• Reduces risk of severe COVID-19
• Helps prevent hospitalization
• Reduces transmission to others
• Allows safer participation in activities

First Steps:

• Start breastfeeding within first hour after birth
• Skin-to-skin contact helps with bonding
• Let baby's natural reflexes guide latching
• Feed frequently (8-12 times per day)
• Follow baby's hunger cues

Proper Latch:

• Baby's mouth covers most of areola
• Lips flanged outward
• Chin touches breast
• No pain during feeding
• Audible swallowing sounds

Common Positions:

• Cradle hold
• Cross-cradle hold
• Football hold
• Side-lying position
• Find what works best for you and baby

Signs of Adequate Intake:

• 6+ wet diapers per day after day 6
• Regular bowel movements
• Steady weight gain after initial loss
• Baby seems content after feeds
• Breast feels softer after feeding

Building Milk Supply:

• Feed frequently and on demand
• Ensure proper latch
• Stay hydrated and well-nourished
• Get adequate rest when possible
• Pump after feeds if needed

When to Seek Help:

• Persistent pain during feeding
• Concerns about weight gain
• Fewer than 6 wet diapers per day
• Baby seems constantly hungry
• Signs of dehydration

Sore Nipples:

• Usually due to poor latch
• Apply breast milk to nipples after feeding
• Use lanolin cream if needed
• Ensure proper positioning
• Seek lactation consultant help

Engorgement:

• Common in first few days
• Feed frequently to relieve pressure
• Apply warm compress before feeding
• Cold compress between feeds
• Hand express or pump if needed

Mastitis:

• Breast infection with flu-like symptoms
• Continue breastfeeding
• Apply heat and massage
• Get adequate rest
• Contact doctor for antibiotic treatment

When to Pump:

• Returning to work
• Building milk supply
• Relief from engorgement
• Partner feeding participation
• Medical separation from baby

Storage Guidelines:

• Room temperature: 4 hours
• Refrigerator: 4 days
• Freezer: 6-12 months
• Use oldest milk first
• Never refreeze thawed milk

Thawing & Warming:

• Thaw in refrigerator overnight
• Warm in warm water bath
• Never microwave breast milk
• Swirl gently to mix layers
• Use within 24 hours of thawing